Absolute Link
A link which shows the full URL of the page being linked. Some links only show relative link paths instead of having the entire reference URL within the <a href >tag. Due to canonicalization and hijacking related issues it is typically preferred to use absolute links over relative links.

Example absolute link

<a href="http://bonzawebsites.com/folder/filename.html">Cool Stuff</a>

Example relative link

<a href="../folder/filename.html">Cool Stuff</a>

Adsense
Google's contextual advertising program. Adsense enables website owners to display relevant Google ads on their website's content pages and earn money.

AdWords
Google's CPC (Cost Per Click) contextual advertising program. It’s a very good way to advertise a website while a client waits to get indexed, or when traffic is slow.

Affiliate
An affiliate site markets products or services that are actually sold by another website or business in exchange for fees or commissions.

 

Agent Name 
This is the name of the Crawler/spider that is currently visiting a page. Spider is a robot sent out by search engines to catalogue websites on the internet.

Algorithm (algo)
The “secret formula” used by search engines to determine what pages to suggest for a given search query. The operational programming rule also determines how a search engine indexes content.

Alt Attribute (Alt Tag)
Specifies alternate text that is rendered when the image cannot be displayed.

Analytics
Software which allows you to track your page views, user paths, and conversion statistics based upon interpreting your log files or through including a JavaScript tracking code on your site.

Anchor text
Anchor text is the hyperlinked words (usually underlined) on a web page. Anchor text usually gives site visitors useful information about the content of the page you're linking to.

API
Abbreviation for Application Program Interface. An API is a set of routines, protocols and tools for building software applications; it determines how a service is invoked through the application.

Authority Site (trust, link juice, Google juice)
The amount of trust a site is credited with for a particular search query. Authority/trust is derived from related incoming links from other trusted sites.
Because of this simultaneous citation from trusted hubs an authority site usually has high trust, pagerank, and search results placement

Automated Submission
Using software to submit a URL to many directories or search engines at the same time. This tactic is frowned upon by the search engines.